Spoiler: Thonny works.
In my previous post, I touched the topic of running Linux and BASIC on a Chromebook. The question was, does Thonny (Python 3) run too? Yes, it does.
Installing Thonny by
sudo apt install thonny
draws in a lot of stuff and takes a while. However, in the end you will get a working Thonny with a Python3 interpreter. I have not checked out any of the advanced things, such as matplotlib or NumPy. Presently I do feel confident that those will work just fine.